x: 数值向量，表示每个扇形的面积
labels: 字符型向量，表示各扇形面积标签
edges: 多边形的边数(圆的轮廓类似很多边的多边形)
radius: 饼图半径
main: 饼图标题
clockwise: 逻辑值，用来指示饼图各个切片是否按顺时针做出分割
angle: 设置底纹的斜率
density: 底纹的密度，默认值为 NULL
col: 是表示每个扇形的颜色，相当于调色板
[1] Robert I. Kabacoff (著). R语言实战(高涛/肖楠/陈钢 译). 北京: 人民邮电出版社.
[2] https://www.runoob.com/r/r-pie-charts.html
[3] https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/80415566
R语言中的多元方差分析1、当因变量（结果变量）不止一个时，可用多元方差分析（MANOVA）对它们同时进行分析。library(MASS)attach(UScereal)y <- cbind(calories, fat, sugars)aggregate(y, by = list(shelf), FUN = mean)Group.1 calories fatsugars1 1 119.4774 0.6621338 6.2954932 2 129.8162 1.3413488 12.5076703 3 180.1466 1.9449071 10.856821cov(y)calories fat sugarscalories 3895.24210 60.674383 180.380317fat60.67438 2.713399 3.995474sugars180.38032 3.995474 34.050018fit <- manova(y ~ shelf)summary(fit)Df Pillai approx F num Df den Df Pr(>F) shelf 1 0.195944.955 3 61 0.00383 **Residuals 63 ---Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1summary.aov(fit)Response calories :Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F valuePr(>F)shelf1 45313 45313 13.995 0.0003983 ***Residuals 63 2039823238 ---Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1Response fat :Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) shelf1 18.421 18.4214 7.476 0.008108 **Residuals 63 155.236 2.4641---Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1Response sugars :Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) shelf1 183.34 183.34 5.787 0.01909 *Residuals 63 1995.87 31.68 ---Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 12、评估假设检验单因素多元方差分析有两个前提假设，一个是多元正态性，一个是方差—协方差矩阵同质性。（1）多元正态性第一个假设即指因变量组合成的向量服从一个多元正态分布。可以用Q-Q图来检验该假设条件。center <- colMeans(y)n <- nrow(y)p <- ncol(y)cov <- cov(y)d <- mahalanobis(y, center, cov)coord <- qqplot(qchisq(ppoints(n), df = p), d, main = "QQ Plot Assessing Multivariate Normality", ylab = "Mahalanobis D2")abline(a = 0, b = 1)identify(coord$x, coord$y, labels = row.names(UScereal))如果所有的点都在直线上，则满足多元正太性。2、方差—协方差矩阵同质性即指各组的协方差矩阵相同，通常可用Box’s M检验来评估该假设3、检测多元离群点library(mvoutlier)outliers <- aq.plot(y)outliers
