Energy means the power which does work and drives machines.

All living things (including humans) rely on the sun as a source of energy. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are energy sources available today because organisms in the past captured sunlight energy and stored it in the complex organic molecules that made up their bodies, which were then compressed and concentrated.

With the development of society, a large of energy sources have been used,such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, geothermal energy, nuclear fission power, nuclear fusion power, solar energy, and Hydrogen gas. however, under the circumstances, the quantity of energy source is limited. unlimited usage of energy source results in energy crisis.

At present, most of the energy consumed by humans is produced from fossil fuels. The greatest recoverable fossil is in the form of coal and lignite. Although world coal resources are enomous and potentially can fill energy needs for a century or two, their utilization is limited by environmental disruption from mining and emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. These would become intolerable long before coal resources were exhausted.

Only a small percentage of coal and lignite has been utilized to date, whereas much of the recoverable petroleum and natural gas has already been consumed. Petroleum has several characteristics that make it superior to coal as a source of energy. Its extraction causes less environmental damage than does coal mining. It is a more concentrated source of energy than coal, and it burns with less pollution, and it can be moved easily through pipes. These characteristics make it an ideal fuel for automobiles.

Since first commercial oil well in 1859, somewhat more than 100 million barrels of oil have been produced in the United States, most of it in recent years. In 1990 world petroleum consumption was at a rate of about 65 million barrels per day. Projected use of petroleum and natural gas indicates rapid depletion. Alaskan oil can help the petroleum supply only temporarily. Peak world petroleum resources production will be reached within a few years.

Since the first "energy crisis" of 1973-1974, some concrete actions have even taken place. However, the several-fold increase in crude oil prices since 1973 has extacted a toll. In the U.S. and other industrialized nations, the economy has been plagued by inflation, recession, unemployment, and obsolescence of industrial equipment. The economies of some petroleum-deficient developing countries have been devastated by energy prices.

Energy crisis was accompanied by worldwide shortages of some foods and minerals, followed in some cases by surpluses, such as the surplus wheat resulting from increased planting and a copper surplus resulting from the efforts of copper-producing nations to acpuire foreign currency by copper export.

As known to all,the availability and cost of energy has become dominant factors in society today. Obviously, solving the "energy crisis" makes good sense. Many schemes has been proposed for conserving present energy resources and for developing new ones. It is always possible to use less energy in any process. Therefore, energy engineer is created and developed. The first goal of energy engineer is to determine the methods by which energy utilization is reduced but the output remains the same, or even increases.The second goal is to determine which methods of using less energy are cost effective.

Conventional engineering techniques are used to evaluated the mechanisms of energy use. Economic considerations are of equal importance and life cycle cost and saving techniques are used to determine cost-effective measures. The evaluation focuses on those uses which are significant in the overall picture and attempts to determine those technical measures that can reduce usage and save money.

Meanwhile, looking for ideal energy sources is also very important to solve energy crisis. The recipe for an ideal energy source calls for one that is unlimited in supply, widely available, and inexpensiveit should not add to the earth's total heat burden or produce chemical air and water pollutants. Solar energy fulfills all of these criteria. Solar energy does not add excess heat to that which must be radiated from the earth. On a global basis, utilization of only a small fraction of solar energy reaching the earth could provide for all energy needs.

Solar energy is unlimited in supply, but its exploitation and utilization are limited owing to the limitation of technology and conditions.

Solar energy

utilization needs an enormous amount of land, and there are economic and environmental problems related to the use of even a fraction of this amount of land for solar energy collection. Certainly, many residents of Arizona would not be pleased at having so much of the state devoted to solar collectors, and some environmental groups would protest the resultant shading of rattlesnake habitat.

Solar power cells for the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity have been developed and are widely used for energy in space vehicles. With present technology, however, they remain too expensive for large-scale generation of electricity. Therefore, most schemes for the utilization of solar power depend upon the collection of thermal energy, followed by conversion to electrical energy. The simplest such approach involves focusing sunlight on a steam-generating bioler. Parabolic refkectors can be used to focus sunlight on pipes containing heat-transporting fluids. Selective coatings on these pipes can be used so that only a small percentage of incident energy is reradiated from the pipes.

With the installation of more heating devices and the probable development of some cheap, direct solar electrical generating capacity, it is likely that during the coming centry solar energy will be providing an appreciable percentage of energy needs in areas receiving abundants

建设,建筑,修建 to build, to construct

建筑学 architecture

修筑,建筑物 building

房子 house

摩天大楼 skyscraper

公寓楼 block of flats (美作:apartment block)

纪念碑 monument

宫殿 palace

庙宇 temple

皇宫,教堂 basilica

大教堂 cathedral

教堂 church

塔,塔楼 tower

十层办公大楼 ten-storey office block

柱 column

柱列 colonnade

拱 arch

市政 town planning (美作:city planning)

营建许可证,建筑开工许可证 building permission

绿地 greenbelt

建筑物的三面图 elevation

设计图 plan

比例尺 scale

预制 to prefabricate

挖土,掘土 excavation

基 foundations, base, subgrade

打地基 to lay the foundations

砌好的砖列 course of bricks

脚手架 scaffold, scaffolding

质量合格证书 certification of fitness

原材料 raw material

底板 bottom plate

垫层 cushion

侧壁 sidewall

中心线 center line

条形基础 strip footing

附件 accessories

型钢 profile steel

钢板 steel plate

熔渣 slag

飞溅 welding spatter

定位焊 tacking

引弧 generating of arc

熄弧 quenching of arc

焊道 welding bead

坡口 beveled edges

外观检查 visual inspection

重皮 double-skin

水平方向弧度 radian in horizontal direction

成型 molding

直线度 straightness accuracy

焊缝角变形 welding line angular distortion

水平度 levelness

铅垂度 verticality

翘曲变形 buckling deformation

角尺 angle square

对接焊缝 butt weld

母材 parent metal

法兰密封面 flange sealing surface

夹层 interlayer

表面锈蚀浓度 surface corrosion concentration

挠曲变 bending deformation

超声波探伤 ultrasonic testing/ ultrasonic examination

压力容器 pressure vessel

预制下料 prefabrication baiting

排版直径 set-type diameter

焊缝 welding line

中幅板 center plate

测量方法 measuring method

基准点 datum mark

跳焊 skip welding

允许偏差 allowable variation

补强板 stiffening plate

开孔 tapping

对接接头 banjo fixing butt jointing

角钢 angle iron

安装基准圆 installation fundamental circle

吊装立柱 hoisting upright column

焊接钢管 welded steel pipe

向心斜拉筋 centripetal canting pull rope

带板 band plate

槽钢胀圈 channel steel expansion ring

环口 collar extension

局部变形 local distortion

环缝 circumferential weld

顶板 top plate

拱顶 vault

顶板加强肋 stiffening rib

对接 butt joint

胎具 clamping fixture

卷板机 plate bending rolls

中心支架 center bearing bracket

椭圆度 ovality

等分线 bisectrix

搭接宽度 lap width

点焊 spot welding

搭接焊 overlap welding

对称 symmetrically

螺旋爬梯 cockle stairs

放料阀 baiting valve

液位计 content gauge

芬兰维萨拉 Vailsla OY

美国美科 "Met-coil, USA"

集中式空调系统 centralized air conditioning system

裙房 annex

热源 heat source

平面位置的空间 space of planimetric position

密封性能 sealing performance

机房 machine room

节点 timing

专业 "profession or discipline 都可以,要根据上下文"

连体法兰 coupling flange

垂直井笼 vertical well cage

变风量 variable air rate

施工面展开 construction unfolds

违约行为 noncompliance

合同交底- contract presentation

管理承包商 Management Contractor party

工程量 work amount

实施的形象进度 progress of implementation

完工资料 as-built documentation

文整 clear-up

审核 review

汽车式起重机 Autocrane

深化图纸 deepen drawing

设备配置计划 equipment furnishment plan

结构预埋配合阶段 Structure pre-embedment assistance

stage

精装修阶段 Fine fitment stage

工程施工阶段 Construction stage

工程竣工阶段 Completion stage

台钻 Bench drill

冲击钻 Churn drill

手电钻 Electric portable drill

砂轮切割机 Abrasive cutting off machine

角钢卷圆机 Angle iron rolling machine

管道切断器 Pipe cutting machine

铜管调直机 Copper pipe straightening machine

管道压槽机 Book joint setting machine for pipes

管道压槽机 Book joint setting machine for pipes

角向磨光机 Angle polishing machine

电动套丝机 Electric threading machine

电动卷扬机 Electric winch

电动试压泵 Motor-driven pressure test pump

手动试压泵 Manual pressure test pump

阀门试压机 Valve pressure test device

阀门试压机 Valve pressure test device

TDC(F)风管加工流水线 TDC(F)air ductwork fabrication

stream line

等离子切割机 Plasma cutting machine

TDC(F)法兰条成型机 TDC(F) flange strip shaping mill

勾码成型机 Forming machine for flange clamp

TDC(F)风管加工成型机 TDC(F) duct fabrication shaping mill

多普勒超声波流量检测仪 Doppler ultrasonic flow detector

温、湿度传感器 "Temperature, humidity senor"

精密声级计 Precision sound level meter

风管漏风量测试仪、风室式漏风测试装置 "Duct air leakage

tester, airchamber air leakage testing device"

风罩式风量测试仪 Air hood air rate tester

微压计、毕托管、热球（电）风速仪 "Micromanometer ,

pitot tube, hot bulb(electrical) anemoscope"

潜水泵 Submerged pump

电动弯管机 Electric pipe bender

铜管弯管机 Copper pipe bender

液压弯管机 Hydraulic pipe bender

电动剪刀 Electric clipper

液压铆钉钳 Hydraulic riveting clamp

线槽电锯 Trunking electric saw

开孔器 Tapper

电动空压机 Electric air compressor

液压千斤顶 Hydraulic jack

液压手推车 Hydraulic trolley

焊条烘干箱 Welding rod drying box

手拉葫芦 Chain block

道（垫）木 Sleeper

转速表 Tachometer

电流钳型表 Clip-style ammeter

压力表 Pressure gauge

接地电阻测试仪 Earthing resistance testing device

氧气表 Oxygen gauge

乙炔表 Acetylene gauge

对讲机 Walkie talkie

文件和资料 documents and information?

建设单位 Construction unit

安装单位 Installation unit