强大的字体控制和排版能力。Font标签对于字体控制能力远没有CSS对于字体的控制能力强,使用CSS样式后不需要在使用font标签来控制文章标题、字体颜色以及字体样式等。
选择器{样式属性:取值样式属性:取值样式属性:取值……}选择器(Selector)通常是指用户希望定义的HTML元素或标签,如body、h1;也可以是自定义的id或class的标签,如#main选择器表示选择,即一个被指定了main为id的对象。浏览器将对CSS选择器进行严格的解析,每一组样式均会被浏览器应用到对应的对象上。
属性(Property)是用户希望改变的属性,并且每个属性都有一个值。对于每一个HTML中的标签,CSS都提供了丰富的样式属性,如颜色、大小、位置以及浮动方式等。
值(Value)指属性的值。属性和值被冒号分开,并由花括号包围,这样就组成了一个完整的样式声明(declaration)。属性值有两种形式:一种是指定范围的值,如float属性的取值为left、right和none;另一种为数值,如height属性取值为0~9999px或者通过其他数学单位来指定。
CSS目前最新版本为CSS3,是能够真正做到网页表现与内容分离的一种样式设计语言。相对于传统HTML的表现而言,CSS能够对网页中的对象的位置排版进行像素级的精确控制,支持几乎所有的字体字号样式,拥有对网页对象和模型样式编辑的能力,并能够进行初步交互设计,是目前基于文本展示最优秀的表现设计语言。CSS能够根据不同使用者的理解能力,简化或者优化写法,针对各类人群,有较强的易读性。
浏览器通过解析属性包含的内容,将CSS样式应用到页面上,如图2所示。多个样式可以并列在一起写,不需要考虑如何进行分隔。例如,定义一个段落文本的背景色为紫色,则可以在上面样式的基础上进行增加样式:Body{font-size:12pxfont-weight:boldtext-indent:2em}p{backgroundcolor:#FF00FF}由于CSS语言自动忽略空格(除了选择器内部的空格),因此可以利用空格和换行符来美化CSS样式源代码,上面的代码可以进行如下美化:
Body{font-size:12pxfont-weight:boldtext-indent:2em}p{background-color:#FF00FF}经过美化的CSS源代码看上去一目了然,既方便阅读,也便于修改。
CSS源代码有时候需要通过一些注释来标注,CSS代码表示什么意思。在HTML中注释标记使用“”,CSS中注释标记使用“/*注释内容*/”。例如,可以对上面的代码进行注释:
Body{/*页面的基本属性*/font-size:12pxfont-weight:boldtext-indent:2em}/*设置段落的背景颜色为紫色*/p{background-color:#FF00FF}添加CSS的方法
内嵌样式表的使用是直接在HTML标记里加入style参数,而style参数的内容就是CSS的属性和值,在style引号里的内容相当于在样式表的大括号里的内容,其格式如下:
该方法与传统网页设计在标签内增加属性的设计方法相同,该方法实际并没有满足W3C提出的将HTML结构与CSS表现剥离来进行设计,因此在网页设计中不建议使用该方法,除非为页面中个别元素设置某个特定样式效果而单独定义。
内部样式表通常位于网页的头部区域,目的是让CSS源代码在页面加载前先被解析执行,这样可以避免当网页加载完成后,没有CSS样式渲染而使的页面信息无法正常显示。3.链接外部样式表链接外部样式表是在CSS中最常用的一种形式,它将CSS样式代码单独编写到一个独立的文件中,由网页进行调用,多个网页可以同时使用同一个样式文件,其格式如下:
其中,href属性设置外部样式表文件的地址,该地址可以是相对地址,也可以是绝对地址;rel属性定义该标签关联的是样式表标签;type属性定义文档的类型,即CSS文本文件。
网站通常采用链接外部样式表来设计网站的表现层,能够实现CSS样式与HTML结构的分离,这种分离原则是W3C所提倡的,因为这样可以高效地管理文档结构和样式表文件,实现代码的优化和重用。
在@import关键字后面,使用url()函数来把外部样式表文件导入。注意使用时,外部样式表的路径、方法和链接外部样式表的方法类似,但导入外部样式表输入方式更有优势。实质上它是相当于存在内部样式表中的。
选择器决定样式规则作用于哪些元素。例如,如果要对table元素添加边框为实线、线宽1像素、蓝色的边框,则需要创建一个只识别table元素而不影响其他元素的选择器。如果要对每个区域中的table设置特殊格式,就需要创建一个稍微复杂一些的选择器,它只识别指定区域中的table元素。
注意:*号为通配符匹配页面中的所有元素名称。上面的代码设置每个元素的内外边距为0px。由于每个元素都有系统默认的内外边距值,且在不同的浏览器中显示的效果也不同,因此在设置网页样式之初使用通配符*将所有元素默认的内外边距去掉是常见做法。
使用标签选择符可以方便地对标签进行样式设置,同时标签选择符也存在较多问题。因为标签选择符对标签所做的定义不单单影响所选择的标签元素,而是对整个页面中所有相同标签都会起作用。如果需要对同一个标签在网页中的不同位置显示不同的样式,使用这种方法定义的样式就存在很多不足。对于这个问题可以使用类选择器来解决。
类(Class)选择符就是为了不同元素拥有相同的显示样式而定义的。例如,在下面这个页面中包含三段文本,通过标签选择器将所有段落文本大小定义为13px,首行缩进2字符,字体颜色为蓝色。
CSS目前最新版本为CSS3,是能够真正做到网页表现与内容分离的一种样式设计语言。相对于传统HTML的表现而言,CSS能够对网页中的对象的位置排版进行像素级的精确控制,支持几乎所有的字体字号样式,拥有对网页对象和模型样式编辑的能力,并能够进行初步交互设计,是目前基于文本展示最优秀的表现设计语言。
CSS是能够真正做到网页表现与内容分离的一种样式设计语言。相对于传统HTML的表现而言,CSS能够对网页中的对象的位置排版进行像素级的精确控制,支持几乎所有的字体字号样式,拥有对网页对象和模型样式编辑的能力,并能够进行初步交互设计,是目前基于文本展示最优秀的表现设计语言。
在自定义类名时,只能够使用字母、数字、下划线(_)和连接符号(-),类名必须以字母开头,否则无效。另外,类名是区分大小写的,所以类fontbold和类Fontbold是完全不同的两个类。
ID是英文Identity的缩写,它表示身份标识号码,在网络上一般指用户账号,但是在Web设计中一般指标签在HTML文档中的唯一编号。从这点来看,ID选择器只能够在HTML页面中用一次,它是与标签选择符和类选择符作用范围相反的一个选择符。ID选择符通常被来定义HTML框架结构的布局效果,因为HTML框架元素的ID值都是唯一的。
#box{width:600pxheight:auto}例如,下面实例定义一个盒子,为该盒子指定宽度和高度,并设置盒子的背景颜色以及边框和内边距大小,显示效果如图4所示。7.3复合选择器如果仅仅掌握了标签选择符、类选择符和ID选择符还远远不够,对于网页设计者来讲还应该掌握高级选择符的使用,如子选择符、相邻选择符和属性选择符。
利用标签选择符和类选择符可以控制网页中众多对象的样式;而利用ID选择符、子选择符和相邻选择符可以精确控制页面中的特定对象样式;使用属性选择符可以更敏捷、更模糊地控制页面中包含不同属性的对象样式。
div+span{font-size:20px}其中,div+span表示div元素与span元素相邻。例如,利用相邻选择符递进控制并列显示的几个元素的显示样式。h1+div表示标题元素h1后面相邻的div元素样式,div+p表示div元素后面相邻的元素p的样式,p+div表示p元素后面相邻的div元素的样式,而div+div表示div元素后面相邻的div元素的样式。效果如图6所示。
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F.context('replies', '[]')
// 是否有料qb页
F.context('discussion', 0)
// 二跳缓存配置
F.context('asyncCachePercent', 1000)
// 用户是否手动关闭过关注推荐弹窗
F.context('isCloseFollow', 0)
// 推荐中台实验类型
F.context('feedExpName', 'wap_qb_feed_gr')
// 封禁信息:isFilter-是否封禁用户
F.context('banInfo', null)
// 是否是律临法律qb页
F.context('is_law', 0)
F.context('is_law_video', )
F.context('is_from_law_migration', 0)
F.context('isRiskView', '0')
F.context('riskViewIp', '')
F.context('riskViewVid', '')
// 是否是法律临结构页
F.context('is_law_struct', 0)
// nonce
F.context('nonceStr', 'mdt0F0wNNOZzJzC2ipb5qpNJN')
}()
!function(){var F = (window.__IKNOW_GLOBAL__ || window).Fvar require = (window.__IKNOW_GLOBAL__ || window).require var headerContainer = '#iknow-common-header'
var searchContainer = '#search-box'
require.async(['m-common:widget/iknow-header/iknow-header-async'], function(header){
header.init(headerContainer,{
nettype: '0',
frameQids: [],
isLogin: 0,
searchWord: "",
anonymousAsk: 0,
isLightStyle: 1,adsEid:'289'})
})
require.async(['m-common:widget/iknow-header/search'],function(search){
var offsetX = -51
var offsetY = 38
search.init(headerContainer, searchContainer, {
x: offsetX,
y: offsetY
})
})
}()
!function(){var F = (window.__IKNOW_GLOBAL__ || window).Fvar require = (window.__IKNOW_GLOBAL__ || window).require F.context('cmsKey', 'top:defs|mid:defs|fb:')
}()
!function(){var F = (window.__IKNOW_GLOBAL__ || window).Fvar require = (window.__IKNOW_GLOBAL__ || window).require require.async(['m-common:widget/lib/gmu/zepto/zepto','m-question-new:widget/question-answer/question-answer'],function($, answer){
answer.init($('#w-1'))
})
}()
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