本文基于R语言进行基本数据统计分析，包括基本作图，线性拟合，逻辑回归，bootstrap采样和Anova方差分析的实现及应用。
不多说，直接上代码，代码中有注释。
1. 基本作图（盒图，qq图）
#basic plot
boxplot(x)
qqplot(x,y)
2. 线性拟合
#linear regression
n = 10
x1 = rnorm(n)#variable 1
x2 = rnorm(n)#variable 2
y = rnorm(n)*3
mod = lm(y~x1+x2)
model.matrix(mod) #erect the matrix of mod
plot(mod) #plot residual and fitted of the solution, Q-Q plot and cook distance
summary(mod) #get the statistic information of the model
hatvalues(mod) #very important, for abnormal sample detection
3. 逻辑回归
#logistic regression
x <- c(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
y <- c(0, 9, 21, 47, 60, 63) # the number of successes
n <- 70 #the number of trails
z <- n - y #the number of failures
b <- cbind(y, z) # column bind
fitx <- glm(b~x,family = binomial) # a particular type of generalized linear model
print(fitx)
plot(x,y,xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,65)) #plot the points (x,y)
beta0 <- fitx$coef[1]
beta1 <- fitx$coef[2]
fn <- function(x) n*exp(beta0+beta1*x)/(1+exp(beta0+beta1*x))
par(new=T)
curve(fn,0,5,ylim=c(0,60)) # plot the logistic regression curve
3. Bootstrap采样
# bootstrap
# Application: 随机采样，获取最大eigenvalue占所有eigenvalue和之比，并画图显示distribution
dat = matrix(rnorm(100*5),100,5)
no.samples = 200 #sample 200 times
# theta = matrix(rep(0,no.samples*5),no.samples,5)
theta =rep(0,no.samples*5)
for (i in 1:no.samples)
{
j = sample(1:100,100,replace = TRUE)#get 100 samples each time
datrnd = dat[j,]#select one row each time
lambda = princomp(datrnd)$sdev^2#get eigenvalues
# theta[i,] = lambda
theta[i] = lambda[1]/sum(lambda)#plot the ratio of the biggest eigenvalue
}
# hist(theta[1,]) #plot the histogram of the first(biggest) eigenvalue
hist(theta)#plot the percentage distribution of the biggest eigenvalue
sd(theta)#standard deviation of theta
#上面注释掉的语句，可以全部去掉注释并将其下一条语句注释掉，完成画最大eigenvalue分布的功能
4. ANOVA方差分析
#Application：判断一个自变量是否有影响 (假设我们喂3种维他命给3头猪，想看喂维他命有没有用)
#
y = rnorm(9)#weight gain by pig(Yij, i is the treatment, j is the pig_id), 一般由用户自行输入
#y = matrix(c(1,10,1,2,10,2,1,9,1),9,1)
Treatment <- factor(c(1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3)) #each {1,2,3} is a group
mod = lm(y~Treatment) #linear regression
print(anova(mod))
#解释：Df（degree of freedom）
#Sum Sq: deviance (within groups, and residuals) 总偏差和
# Mean Sq: variance (within groups, and residuals) 平均方差和
# compare the contribution given by Treatment and Residual
#F value: Mean Sq(Treatment)/Mean Sq(Residuals)
#Pr(>F): p-value. 根据p-value决定是否接受Hypothesis H0：多个样本总体均数相等(检验水准为0.05)
qqnorm(mod$residual) #plot the residual approximated by mod
#如果qqnorm of residual像一条直线，说明residual符合正态分布，也就是说Treatment带来的contribution很小，也就是说Treatment无法带来收益（多喂维他命少喂维他命没区别）
如下面两图分别是
（左）用 y = matrix(c(1,10,1,2,10,2,1,9,1),9,1)和
（右）y = rnorm(9)
的结果。可见如果给定猪吃维他命2后体重特别突出的数据结果后，qq图种residual不在是一条直线，换句话说residual不再符合正态分布，i.e., 维他命对猪的体重有影响。
将4张图分屏显示在同一图中，代码如下：
数据：
pie.sales <-c(39,200,42,15,67,276,27,66)
names(pie.sales) <- c("EUL","PES","EFA","EDD","ELDR","EPP","UNE","other")
分屏：
split.screen(c(2,2))
figure 1：
screen(1)
pie(pie.sales,radius = 0.9，main = "Ordinary chart")
figure 2：
screen(2)
pie(pie.sales,radius = 0.9,col = rainbow(8)，clock = T,main = "Rainbow colours")
figure 3：
screen(3)
pie(pie.sales,radius = 0.9,clock = T,col = gray(seq(0.4,1.0,length = 8))，main = "Grey colours")
figure 4：
screen(4)
pie(pie.sales,radius = 0.9,density = 10,angle = 15 + 15*1:8,main = "The density of shading lines")
图像个数可以根据需要自定义添加。
扩展资料
R语言是用于统计分析、绘图的语言和操作环境。R是属于GNU系统的一个自由、免费、源代码开放的软件，它是一个用于统计计算和统计制图的优秀工具。
R语言是一套完整的数据处理、计算和制图软件系统。其功能包括：数据存储和处理系统；数组运算工具；完整连贯的统计分析工具；优秀的统计制图功能。
参考资料来源：百度百科-R语言
使用低级绘图命令，如points(x,y) 、lines(x,y)、text(x,y)等比如利用plot(2,3)做了个点图，再用points(1,2)，则在(1,2)加了个点，变成2个点在一张图上
