import copy

import numpy as np

import random

使用的是pycharm

因为最近看了《银翼杀手2049》，里面Joi实在是太好看了所以原图像就用Joi了

要求是灰度图像，所以第一步先把图像转化成灰度图像

# 读入原始图像

img = CV2.imread('joi.jpg')

# 灰度化处理

gray = CV2.cvtColor(img, CV2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

CV2.imwrite('img.png', gray)

第一个任务是利用分段函数增强灰度对比，我自己随便写了个函数大致是这样的

def chng(a):

if a <255/3:

b = a/2

elif a <255/3*2:

b = (a-255/3)*2 + 255/6

else:

b = (a-255/3*2)/2 + 255/6 +255/3*2

return b

rows = img.shape[0]

cols = img.shape[1]

cover = copy.deepcopy(gray)

for i in range(rows):

for j in range(cols):

cover[i][j] = chng(cover[i][j])

CV2.imwrite('cover.png', cover)

下一步是直方图均衡化

# histogram equalization

def hist_equal(img, z_max=255):

H, W = img.shape

# S is the total of pixels

S = H * W * 1.

out = img.copy()

sum_h = 0.

for i in range(1, 255):

ind = np.where(img == i)

sum_h += len(img[ind])

z_prime = z_max / S * sum_h

out[ind] = z_prime

out = out.astype(np.uint8)

return out

covereq = hist_equal(cover)

CV2.imwrite('covereq.png', covereq)

在实现滤波之前先添加高斯噪声和椒盐噪声（代码来源于网络）

不知道这个椒盐噪声的名字是谁起的感觉隔壁小孩都馋哭了

用到了random.gauss()

percentage是噪声占比

def GaussianNoise(src,means,sigma,percetage):

NoiseImg=src

NoiseNum=int(percetage*src.shape[0]*src.shape[1])

for i in range(NoiseNum):

randX=random.randint(0,src.shape[0]-1)

randY=random.randint(0,src.shape[1]-1)

NoiseImg[randX, randY]=NoiseImg[randX,randY]+random.gauss(means,sigma)

if NoiseImg[randX, randY]<0:

NoiseImg[randX, randY]=0

elif NoiseImg[randX, randY]>255:

NoiseImg[randX, randY]=255

return NoiseImg

def PepperandSalt(src,percetage):

NoiseImg=src

NoiseNum=int(percetage*src.shape[0]*src.shape[1])

for i in range(NoiseNum):

randX=random.randint(0,src.shape[0]-1)

randY=random.randint(0,src.shape[1]-1)

if random.randint(0,1)<=0.5:

NoiseImg[randX,randY]=0

else:

NoiseImg[randX,randY]=255

return NoiseImg

covereqg = GaussianNoise(covereq, 2, 4, 0.8)

CV2.imwrite('covereqg.png', covereqg)

covereqps = PepperandSalt(covereq, 0.05)

CV2.imwrite('covereqps.png', covereqps)

下面开始均值滤波和中值滤波了

就以n x n为例，均值滤波就是用这n x n个像素点灰度值的平均值代替中心点，而中值就是中位数代替中心点，边界点周围补0；前两个函数的作用是算出这个点的灰度值，后两个是对整张图片进行

#均值滤波模板

def mean_filter(x, y, step, img):

sum_s = 0

for k in range(x-int(step/2), x+int(step/2)+1):

for m in range(y-int(step/2), y+int(step/2)+1):

if k-int(step/2) 0 or k+int(step/2)+1 >img.shape[0]

or m-int(step/2) 0 or m+int(step/2)+1 >img.shape[1]:

sum_s += 0

else:

sum_s += img[k][m] / (step*step)

return sum_s

#中值滤波模板

def median_filter(x, y, step, img):

sum_s=[]

for k in range(x-int(step/2), x+int(step/2)+1):

for m in range(y-int(step/2), y+int(step/2)+1):

if k-int(step/2) 0 or k+int(step/2)+1 >img.shape[0]

or m-int(step/2) 0 or m+int(step/2)+1 >img.shape[1]:

sum_s.append(0)

else:

sum_s.append(img[k][m])

sum_s.sort()

return sum_s[(int(step*step/2)+1)]

def median_filter_go(img, n):

img1 = copy.deepcopy(img)

for i in range(img.shape[0]):

for j in range(img.shape[1]):

img1[i][j] = median_filter(i, j, n, img)

return img1

def mean_filter_go(img, n):

img1 = copy.deepcopy(img)

for i in range(img.shape[0]):

for j in range(img.shape[1]):

img1[i][j] = mean_filter(i, j, n, img)

return img1

完整main代码如下：

if __name__ == "__main__":

# 读入原始图像

img = CV2.imread('joi.jpg')

# 灰度化处理

gray = CV2.cvtColor(img, CV2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

CV2.imwrite('img.png', gray)

rows = img.shape[0]

cols = img.shape[1]

cover = copy.deepcopy(gray)

for i in range(rows):

for j in range(cols):

cover[i][j] = chng(cover[i][j])

CV2.imwrite('cover.png', cover)

covereq = hist_equal(cover)

CV2.imwrite('covereq.png', covereq)

covereqg = GaussianNoise(covereq, 2, 4, 0.8)

CV2.imwrite('covereqg.png', covereqg)

covereqps = PepperandSalt(covereq, 0.05)

CV2.imwrite('covereqps.png', covereqps)

meanimg3 = mean_filter_go(covereqps, 3)

CV2.imwrite('medimg3.png', meanimg3)

meanimg5 = mean_filter_go(covereqps, 5)

CV2.imwrite('meanimg5.png', meanimg5)

meanimg7 = mean_filter_go(covereqps, 7)

CV2.imwrite('meanimg7.png', meanimg7)

medimg3 = median_filter_go(covereqg, 3)

CV2.imwrite('medimg3.png', medimg3)

medimg5 = median_filter_go(covereqg, 5)

CV2.imwrite('medimg5.png', medimg5)

medimg7 = median_filter_go(covereqg, 7)

CV2.imwrite('medimg7.png', medimg7)

medimg4 = median_filter_go(covereqps, 7)

CV2.imwrite('medimg4.png', medimg4)

        直方图均衡化是使图像直方图变得平坦的操作。直方图均衡化能够有效地解决图像整体过暗、过亮的问题，增加图像的清晰度。

        具体流程如下所示。其中S是总的像素数，Zmax是像素的最大取值(8位灰度图像为255)，h(i)为图像像素取值为 i 及 小于 i 的像素的总数。

二. python实现直方图均衡化操作

import cv2

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# histogram equalization

def hist_equal(img, z_max=255):

        H, W = img.shape

        S = H * W  * 1.

        out = img.copy()

        sum_h = 0.

        for i in range(1, 255):

                ind = np.where(img == i)

                sum_h += len(img[ind])

                z_prime = z_max / S * sum_h

                out[ind] = z_prime

        out = out.astype(np.uint8)

        return out

# Read image

img = cv2.imread("../head_g_n.jpg",0).astype(np.float)

# histogram normalization

out = hist_equal(img)

# Display histogram

plt.hist(out.ravel(), bins=255, rwidth=0.8, range=(0, 255))

plt.show()

plt.savefig("out_his.png")

# Save result

cv2.imshow("result", out)

cv2.imwrite("out.jpg", out)

cv2.waitKey(0)

cv2.destroyAllWindows()

三. 实验结果：

        可以看到，直方图均衡化后的图像看起来比原来的图像更加清晰。对于图像亮度整体偏暗或者偏亮的图像，我们可以采用直方图均衡化的方法处理图像，使得它们看上去更加清晰。

四. matlab 实现图像直方图均衡化：

        可以参考一篇优秀的博文：         https://blog.csdn.net/Ibelievesunshine/article/details/79961027

五. 参考内容：

         https://www.cnblogs.com/wojianxin/p/12510797.html

         https://blog.csdn.net/Ibelievesunshine/article/details/104922449